Comparison of world views in the universe next door Essay

Comparison of world views in the universe next door - Essay Example The book then progresses to shoe how ensuing world views, including naturalism, deism, nihilism and existentialism, have developed from Christian Theism and where they have deviated. Sire also sheds light upon their weaknesses and where they have failed. The book further discusses how Eastern Pantheism and post modernism have affected western culture and its world views. The book is written as sort of a manual that will help Christians understand why they hold the views they do. Sire believes that knowing one’s own views is of great significance. Thus, right in the beginning, the author clearly highlights the prerequisite for being â€Å"fully conscious intellectually†, which is to be fully aware of one’s own worldview and to know exactly why one holds that view despite so many other views that surround one. From Sire’s definition we see that the ‘world view’ has a set of essential points that distinguish it. Firstly, in a world view an idea o r concept or thought is presupposed, assumed or implicitly understood. This implies that people holding a world view have laid faith or belief upon something that has led them to presuppose this idea or concept or thought. Secondly, these views are about something that people believe to be reality, that is, our world. In a sense, a world view is a belief about the reality of the world in which a person lives. Thirdly, these assumptions are held either consciously or sub-consciously but are influenced by something external to the person.

Admitted to hospital Essay Example for Free

Admitted to hospital Essay As the days passed, Mr. Glen succeeded. Now he started to teach her how to use a typewriter. She picked up his instructions very quickly. In some days she became able to write ten words in one minute. Unfortunately she failed in her exams. She cried a lot because she thought that her work was totally dark but Mr. Glen tried to give her understanding that you could try again. He told her Your work wasnt dark. It was very psychedelic. Dont lose hope. You will get success someday. Near eight O clock in the evening suddenly they made a plan to go out to eat ice cream. When they reached the ice cream shop, Mr. Glen asked Lorraine to sit on the bench and he would be back with the ice cream. She agreed and Mr. Glen went towards the ice cream shop but at once he forgot every thing even about himself: who he was and why he come there. He went back to home but unfortunately Lorraine was waiting for him. Propitiously the teacher at Lorraines university was passing that street where Lorraine was sitting. He took Lorraine with him and dropped her in her home. Lorraine opened the door of her room; Mr.  Glen was sat there. Lorraine asked her why you left me there and return home? . Mr. Glen didnt reply because he didnt know what was going on. He started to forget every thing even Lorraine because of his old age. Lorraine got frightened that if her teacher forget every thing what would happen with her future. Her parents were able to understand her sign language so she spoke to her father about her teachers health. So Mr. Callam decided that he needed doctors treatment so he got admitted to hospital. Every evening Lorraine went to the hospital to meet her teacher. She had a hope that he would be cured eventually. Chapter 4 Now Lorraine is fourty years old. She had a graduation day at her university. The principal of her university announced that Lorraine is the pride of his university. He asked her to come on the stage to get an award by him for achieving graduation. At last she fulfilled the dream of her teacher Mr. Glen. Her principal told her to express her feelings. Her parents were also present there so her mother translated her signs for other people. She said I got this level just because of my honorable teacher Mr. Glen. He worked very hard and he spends his whole life towards making my future. He taught me manners, how to spend my life. Because of him, I learnt how to eat. He taught me all the things that were impossible. He taught me dark is not black. It is the colour of achievement, colour of knowledge. She told the audience that she wanted her teacher Mr. Glen to come there and look at her with her precious award but unfortunately he couldnt come. She said, If he came here I am sure that he would be happier than me because today I have completed his dream. Then Lorraine went to the hospital to show her award to Mr. Glen. She said to him Look at this award which you have wanted for fourty years. Today I have completed your dream. Unfortunately, he didnt remember anything. Now she started trying her best to give him his memorial. She thought that Mr. Glen was the best teacher in the whole world who taught her to achieve what was impossible. Moral: Nothing is impossible if we work hard!

Distinguishing the Difference in News Coverage among International and

Distinguishing the Difference in News Coverage among International and Domestic Images Not Included Identifying a Variance in News Coverage It became evident throughout our investigation that separating domestic news source sites from international news source sites would be beneficial in addressing our question of the variance in coverage among these news sources when identifying natural disasters throughout the world. With the objective of properly addressing this inquiry, we decided upon a proposition in order to accurately identify whether a difference in news source coverage truly exists. Therefore, we propose that world reports provide more specifications about international involvement in natural disasters rather than reports from the United States alone. This as a result insinuates that U.S. reports will have present information about U.S. aid and involvement. In turn, to properly address this proposal, we have further dissected the topic of discussion into five segments that will equally address the above mentioned proposal and discuss how the global culture manifests as it comes into being. Consequently, the di scussion of domestic rebuilding; foreign aid; poverty stricken areas; displaced families and populations; and, environmental cause and effect will be the five subtopics identifying the variance among news sources in alignment with our proposal. Before diverging into subtopics regarding natural disasters, it will be important to discuss more technical aspects of the research in order to visualize the research we were presented with. First, a total of 26 stories were tagged throughout the two month span for our group to further research. Once tagging articles was completed, it became clear that there were not ... ...h 2007 . â€Å"Queensland to Drink Waste Water.† BBC UK 29 January 2007. 29 January 2007 . â€Å"Rains Worsen Indonesia’s Flooding.† CNN World 09 February 2007. 09 February 2007 . â€Å"Rescue Efforts Intensify After Quake.† CNN 07 March 2007. 07 March 2007 . â€Å"Rescue Efforts Intensify After Quake.† CNN World 07 March 2007. 07 March 2007 . â€Å"Thousands Ill, as Jakarta Cleans up After Flood† CNN 12 February 2007. 12 February 2007 .

Management and Information Systems

Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 11e (Laudon/Laudon) Chapter 1 Information Systems in Global Business Today 1) Internet advertising is growing at a rate of more than 25 percent a year. Answer: TRUE 2) Developing a new product, fulfilling an order, and hiring a new employee are examples of business processes. Answer: TRUE 3) A fully digital firm produces only digital goods or services. Answer: FALSE 4) A business model describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth. Answer: TRUE ) Information technology (IT) consists of all the hardware that a firm needs to use in order to achieve its business objectives, whereas information systems consist of all the software and business processes needed. Answer: FALSE 6) Computers are only part of an information system. Answer: TRUE 7) Information systems literacy describes the behavioral approach to information systems, whereas computer literacy describes the technical approach . Answer: FALSE 8) The dimensions of information systems are management, organizations, and information technology. Answer: TRUE 9) Knowledge workers assist with paperwork at all levels of the firm.Answer: FALSE 10) In order to understand how a specific business firm uses information systems, you need to know something about the hierarchy and culture of the company. Answer: TRUE 11) Business processes are logically related tasks for accomplishing tasks that have been formally encoded by an organization. Answer: FALSE 12) There are four major business functions: Sales and marketing; manufacturing and production; finance and accounting; and information technology. Answer: FALSE 13) A network requires at least two computers and a shared resource, such as a printer.Answer: FALSE 14) A substantial part of management responsibility is creative work driven by new knowledge and information. Answer: TRUE 15) Intranets allow firms to work easily with third-party suppliers and vendors. Answer: FALSE 16) An IT infrastructure provides the platform on which the firm can build its information systems. Answer: TRUE 17) UPS's use of Web-based tools that allow customers to embed UPS functions such as tracking and cost calculations into their own Web sites was an information systems solution used to achieve customer intimacy.Answer: TRUE 18) Government and private sector standards are examples of complementary social assets required to optimize returns from IT investments. Answer: TRUE 19) A firm that invests in efficient business processes is making an investment in organizational complementary assets. Answer: TRUE 20) In the behavioral approach to information systems, technology is ignored in favor of understanding the psychological, social, and economic impacts of systems. Answer: FALSE 1) The six important business objectives of information technology are new products, services, and business models; customer and supplier intimacy; survival; competitive advantage; operational excellence; and A) improved flexibility. B) improved decision making. C) improved business practices. D) improved efficiency. Answer: B 22) Dell Computer's use of information systems to improve efficiency and implement â€Å"mass customization† techniques to maintain consistent profitability and an industry lead illustrates which business objective? A) improved flexibility B) improved business practices C) competitive advantageD) survival Answer: C 23) The use of information systems because of necessity describes the business objective of A) survival. B) improved business practices. C) competitive advantage. D) improved flexibility. Answer: A 24) Which of the following choices may lead to competitive advantage: (1) new products, services, and business models; (2) charging less for superior products; (3) responding to customers in real time? A) 1 only B) 1 and 2 C) 2 and 3 D) 1, 2, and 3 Answer: D 25) Verizon's implementation of a Web-based digital dashboard to provide manage rs with real-time information such as customer complaints is an xample of A) improved flexibility. B) improved decision making. C) improved efficiency. D) customer and supplier intimacy. Answer: B 26) The move of retail banking to use ATMs after Citibank unveiled its first ATMs illustrates the use of information systems to achieve which business objective? A) improved efficiency B) customer and supplier intimacy C) survival D) competitive advantage Answer: C 27) An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support A) decision making and control in an organization.B) communications and data flow. C) managers analyzing the organization's raw data. D) the creation of new products and services. Answer: A 28) The three activities in an information system that produce the information organizations use to control operations are A) information retrieval, research, and analysis. B) input, outp ut, and feedback. C) input, processing, and output. D) data analysis, processing, and feedback. Answer: C 29) Order data for baseball tickets and bar code data are examples of A) raw input. B) raw output. C) customer and product data. D) sales information. Answer: A 0) The average number of tickets sold daily online is an example of A) input. B) raw data. C) meaningful information. D) feedback. Answer: C 31) Output A) is feedback that has been processed to create meaningful information. B) is information that is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help them evaluate the input stage. C) transfers data to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used. D) transfers processed information to the people who will use it or to the activities for which it will be used. Answer: D 32) Converting raw data into a more meaningful form is called A) capturing.B) processing. C) organizing. D) feedback. Answer: B 33) An example of raw data from a nationa l chain of automobile stores would be A) an average of 13 Toyotas are sold daily in Kentucky. B) 30 percent increase in Toyota RAV 4 sales during September in Kentucky. C) 1 Toyota RAV4 sold March 3, 2008 in Louisville, Kentucky. D) all of the above. Answer: C 34) The field that deals with behavioral issues as well as technical issues surrounding the development, use, and impact of information systems used by managers and employees in the firm is called A) information systems literacy.B) information systems architecture. C) management information systems. D) information technology infrastructure. Answer: C 35) In a hierarchical organization, the upper levels consist of A) managerial and professional employees. B) managerial, professional, and technical employees. C) professional and operational employees. D) managerial, professional, and operational employees. Answer: B 36) Which of the six strategic business objectives did the NBA's use of Synergy Sports Technology help to achieve? A) customer and supplier intimacy B) improved decision makingC) new products and services D) operational excellence Answer: B 37) The fundamental set of assumptions, values, and ways of doing things that has been accepted by most of a company's members is called its A) culture. B) environment. C) atmosphere. D) values. Answer: A 38) Thomas Friedman's declaration that the world was now â€Å"flat† meant that A) the Internet has reduced the economic advantages of developed countries. B) globalization is starting to offer less advantage to large corporations. C) the global economy is increasingly commanded by fewer and larger corporations.D) global capitalism is homogenizing culture and business practices throughout the world. Answer: A 39) Data management technology consists of the A) physical hardware and media used by an organization for storing data. B) detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the computer hardware components in an information system . C) software governing the organization of data on physical storage media. D) hardware and software used to transfer data. Answer: C 40) The hardware and software used to transfer data in an organization is called A) data management technology.B) networking and data management technology. C) data and telecommunications technology. D) networking and telecommunications technology. Answer: D 41) Networking and telecommunications technologies, along with computer hardware, software, data management technology, and the people required to run and manage them, constitute an organization's A) data management environment. B) networked environment. C) IT infrastructure. D) information system. Answer: C 42) An example of a business using information systems to create new products and services is A) Wal-Mart's RetailLink system.B) the Mandarin Oriental hotel's customer-preference tracking system. C) Verizon's Web-based digital dashboard. D) Apple Inc. ‘s iPod. Answer: D 43) An example of a business using information systems to attain operational excellence is A) Wal-Mart's RetailLink system. B) the Mandarin Oriental hotel's customer-preference tracking system. C) Verizon's Web-based digital dashboard. D) Apple Inc. ‘s iPod. Answer: A 44) An example of a business using information systems for customer and supplier intimacy is A) Wal-Mart's RetailLink system. B) the Mandarin Oriental hotel's customer-preference tracking system.C) Verizon's Web-based digital dashboard. D) Apple Inc. ‘s iPod. Answer: B 45) Maintaining the organization's financial records is a central purpose of which main business function? A) manufacturing and accounting B) finance and accounting C) sales and manufacturing D) finance and sales Answer: B 46) Based on the examples in the chapter, if you were asked to formulate a plan for a regional drive-in restaurant chain's efforts to use information technology to develop a loyal customer base, what would be the best use of information tec hnology from the list below? A) Use IT to increase supplier loyalty.B) Use IT to increase operational efficiency. C) Use IT to create new products and business models. D) Use IT to help survive government reporting requirements. E) Use IT to achieve customer intimacy. Answer: E 47) The fact that online advertising revenues are growing at 25 percent a year, while offline traditional advertising revenues are growing at about 5 percent a year, suggests that A) Internet advertising is very inexpensive. B) offline traditional advertising is not very effective. C) the Internet is transforming the traditional advertising business model.D) new technologies are more efficient at selling to customers. Answer: C 48) Toyota Motor Company's vehicle orders management system allows it to improve efficiency by basing vehicle production on A) superior forecasts of regional demand. B) actual customer orders. C) improved decision making. D) customer preferences. Answer: B Diff: 3Page Ref: 15 AACSB: Us e of information technology CASE: Content Objective: 1. 1 49) In a business hierarchy, the level that is responsible for monitoring the daily activities of the business is A) middle management.B) service workers. C) production management. D) operational management. Answer: D 50) Which of the following are environmental actors that interact with an organization and its information systems? A) customers B) suppliers C) regulatory agencies D) all of the above Answer: D 51) From a business perspective, raw data is transformed systematically during various stages, transforming it into valuable information, in a process called A) the information value chain. B) the IT value chain. C) information processing. D) feedback. Answer: A 2) A corporation that funds a political action committee, which in turn promotes and funds a political candidate who agrees with the values of that corporation, could be seen as investing in which main category of complementary assets? A) managerial B) government al C) social D) organizational Answer: C 53) Apple Computer dominates the online legal music sales industry primarily because of a failure of recording label companies to A) invest in technology. B) adopt a new business model. C) invest in complementary assets. D) modernize their information value chain. Answer: B 54) An example of an organizational complementary asset isA) using the appropriate business model. B) a collaborative work environment. C) laws and regulations. D) all of the above. Answer: A 55) An example of a social complementary asset is A) technology and service firms in adjacent markets. B) training programs. C) distributed decision-making rights. D) all of the above. Answer: A 56) Disciplines that contribute to the technical approach to information systems are: A) computer science, engineering, and networking. B) operations research, management science, and computer science. C) engineering, utilization management, and computer science.D) management science, computer science, and engineering. Answer: B 57) The discipline that focuses on mathematical techniques for optimizing parameters of organizations, such as transportation and inventory control, is A) management science. B) MIS. C) operations research. D) utilization management. Answer: C 58) Sociologists study information systems with an eye to understanding A) how systems affect individuals, groups, and organizations. B) how human decision makers perceive and use formal information. C) how new information systems change the control and cost structures within the firm.D) the production of digital goods. Answer: A 59) Psychologists study information systems with an eye to understanding A) how systems affect individuals, groups, and organizations. B) how human decision makers perceive and use formal information. C) how new information systems change the control and cost structures within the firm. D) the production of digital goods. Answer: B 60) The costs for firms operating on a global scal e have been drastically reduced by A) networking technology. B) investments in organizational complementary assets. C) the Internet. D) the rise of digital content. Answer: C 1) Which of the following are key corporate assets? A) intellectual property, core competencies, and financial and human assets B) production technologies and business processes for sales, marketing, and finance C) knowledge and the firm's tangible assets, such as goods or services D) time and knowledge Answer: A 62) Overproduction or underproduction of goods and services, misallocation of resources, and poor response times are the results of a firm's having A) poor relationships with suppliers. B) poor relationships with customers. C) inadequate information. D) a surplus of information.Answer: C 63) A firm that must invest in new information systems capabilities in order to comply with federal legislation can be said to be investing to achieve which business objective? A) customer intimacy B) operational excel lence C) survival D) improved reporting Answer: C 64) Which of the following would NOT be used as an input for an information system? A) digital dashboard B) handheld computer C) bar-code scanner D) cell phone Answer: A 65) Which field of study focuses on both a behavioral and technical understanding of information systems? A) sociology B) operations research C) economicsD) management information systems Answer: D 66) The three principle levels within a business organization hierarchy are A) senior management, operational management, and service workers. B) senior management, middle management, and operational management. C) senior management, operational management, and information systems. D) senior management, middle management, and service workers. Answer: B 67) Engineers, scientists, or architects, who design new products or services for a firm, belong to which level of a business hierarchy? A) middle management B) production workers C) knowledge workersD) data workers Answer: C 68) Which main business function is responsible for maintaining employee records? A) sales and marketing B) human resources C) finance and accounting D) manufacturing and production Answer: B 69) Which of the following constitutes an organizational element in the UPS tracking system described in the chapter? A) the specification of procedures for identifying packages with sender and recipient information B) monitoring service levels C) promoting the company strategy of low-cost, superior service D) the use of handheld computers and networks for managing package delivery Answer: A 0) A managerial element in the UPS tracking system described in the chapter is A) taking inventory. B) providing package status reports to customers. C) the decision to use automation. D) in-house package tracking software. Answer: C 71) ________ is data that has been shaped into a form that is meaningful to human beings. Answer: Information 72) ________ is output returned to appropriate members of the or ganization to help them evaluate or correct the input stage. Answer: Feedback 73) ________ is a global network that uses universal standards to connect millions of different networks around the world.Answer: The Internet 74) Computer ________ consists of the detailed, preprogrammed instructions that control and coordinate the computer hardware components in an information system. Answer: software 75) The ________ is a service provided by the Internet that uses universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information in a page format. Answer: World Wide Web/Web/WWW 76) ________ are private corporate networks extended to authorized users outside the organization. Answer: Extranets 7) The key elements of an organization are its people, structure, business processes, politics, and ________. Answer: culture 78) In a(n) ________ perspective, the performance of a system is optimized when both the technology and the organization mutually adjust to one a nother until a satisfactory fit is obtained. Answer: sociotechnical 79) ________ makes long-range strategic decisions about the firm's products and services. Answer: Senior management 80) Investments in organization and management, such as investments in new business models and training, are also known as ________.Answer: organizational and management capital 81) Define operational excellence. How can information systems help achieve it? Answer: Operational excellence is the achievement of higher levels of productivity, efficiency, profitability. Information systems can help achieve operational excellence by improving communications to supplier and optimizing the supply chain. Information systems could help managers communicate with workers more efficiently, enable technological innovation in products, minimize warehouse overhead, streamline distribution. 82) You work for an auto manufacturer and distributor.How could you use information systems to achieve greater customer intimacy? Answer: You could create a Web site that allows customers to customize cars, communicate with support personnel and other car owners. You could create an automated e-mail service reminding car owners to take their car in for periodic checkups. You could have an information system that tracks customer preferences in local areas, so you can provide cars that reflect local customer needs and desires. 83) What is the difference between information technology and information systems? Describe some of the functions of information systems.Answer: Information technology (IT) consists of all the hardware and software that a firm needs to use to achieve its business objectives. Information systems are more complex. An information system can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization. An information system: †¢supports decision making, coordinati on, and control †¢helps employees analyze problems †¢helps employees visualize complex subjects †¢helps create new products 4) You are a marketing manager for a national movie theater chain. Give an example of data that your department could use for creating meaningful information. What type of information could that data produce? Answer: Movie ticket sales from individual theaters would be an example of raw data. Meaningful information from this would be: average number of tickets sold to seniors on certain days of the week. 85) Define business process. What might be a business process used at a hospital? Answer: A business process is a set of logically related tasks and behaviors for accomplishing work.Hiring a new employee, customer intake, and filing medical records are examples of business processes at a hospital. 86) You are starting a small bike messenger company. Given your type of services (hand-delivering packages within a small geographical area), could you r firm be a digital firm? If so, what would make this a digital firm? Answer: Being a digital firm doesn't purely rely on having digital goods and services. A digital firm would have most of its relationships with customers, suppliers, and employees be digitally enabled.Ordering deliveries, assigning deliveries, managing employees and assignments could certainly be digitally enabled; using cell phones, information systems, and handheld devices to connect customers, delivery management, and bike messengers. 87) This chapter discusses how each organization has its own culture and sets of values shared by most of its members. What kind of shared values might you find at a law firm? Answer: Shared values at a law firm might be: The legal system works, the legal system is fair, lawyers help people, and people need help with the legal system because it is complicated. 8) You work at the business headquarters for a chain of movie theaters. Describe this firm's information value chain. Answ er: An information value chain adds value to data at various stages, transforming it into valuable data. At a chain of movie theaters, data would be gathered from ticket sales and concession sales. Information systems would help transform this into meaningful information, such as determining the types of movies popular in certain regions, times and days of the week that people most often saw movies, what snacks were the most popular.This information would be valuable in making decisions, such as offering ticket discounts during less popular time slots, and offering more popular snack items. Further feedback based on the results of these decisions could determine whether these decisions were effective. 89) How does a company's use of information systems affect its corporate strategies? Provide an example. Answer: A firm's ability to effectively use information technology is interdependent with its ability to implement corporate strategies and achieve corporate goals.More and more, th e ability to compete and succeed depends on a company's ability to implement technology. What a business would like to do in the future can depends on what its systems will be able to do. Examples of this might be a company who invests in information systems that enable it to create new products or to make its distribution system more efficient, allowing the company to become the low-cost producer. 90) The information systems of Accenture, a global consulting firm, allow for a highly decentralized organization without a traditional headquarters.Based on your reading of Chapter 1, which of the six strategic business objectives does Accenture's information systems contribute to? Answer: Student answers will vary. The following is an example of a possible answer: Accenture's information systems allow its mobile workforce to be within easy, constant reach of its customers, contributing to the business objective of customer and supplier intimacy. Additionally, the ability of employees to connect to and work with local branch information systems in standard ways, regardless of their location, contributes to more efficient processes and operational excellence.

Esterification

To synthesis ecstatically acid by stratification. Introduction: A pleasant, often fruity, odor is characteristic of some of the simpler esters. Ethyl butyrate smells similar to pineapples, the odor of n-propel acetate is reminiscent of pears and isopleths acetate has a strong banana fragrance. Esters are derivatives of the carboxylic acids and contain the following functional group: The synthesis of an ester can be accomplished in one of several ways. An stratification occurs when an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are reacted in the reserve of a mineral acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid.Because these reactions result in an equilibrium mixture of both products and reactants, the reaction conditions must be manipulated in order to produce a reasonable yield. A large excess of one of the reactants can be used in the starting mixture or alternatively, one of the products can be removed as the reaction proceeds (as by a distillation), to shift the equilibrium to the right. Other synthet ic pathways to esters also exist. Acid chlorides react with alcohols to yield an ester and hydrochloric acid.A small amount of pyridine is usually deed to the reaction mixture to neutralize the resulting acid. Acid anhydride can also react with alcohols to produce esters. Unlike the reactions between carboxylic acids and alcohols, neither of these two methods for preparing esters results in an equilibrium mixture. Ecstatically acid, or aspirin, is one of the most widely used and versatile drugs known today. It was first synthesized by Charles von Gerhardt in 1 853 and was later patented by a German dye chemist named Frederica Brayer in 1893 who recognized its potential as an analgesic (pain reliever).Salicylic acid, a impotent of willow and poplar bark, had been used as a pain killer for centuries, but its highly acidic property caused irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat and also resulted in uncomfortable gastric pain. By transforming the acidic phenol functio nality into an ester group, the compound retained its analgesic properties but lost some of its irritating side- effects. In addition to relieving pain, aspirin is also an antipathetic (fever reducer) and an anti-inflammatory agent (used for arthritis). Like all drugs, aspirin also has some undesirable side effects which should be tote.When taken in large quantities (several grams per day), gastric problems can result. Its use has been implicated in Rexes syndrome, a brain disorder that can affect people under the age of 18. Some people are highly allergic to aspirin. Finally, aspirin interferes with platelets and affects normal blood clotting which can lead to hemorrhaging in extreme cases. However, its anticoagulant properties can also be used to advantage in preventing blood clots from forming in the arteries. Recent studies have shown that the consumption of one half of an aspirin tablet per day can help to prevent heart attacks and strokes.Aspirin can be synthesized by the stra tification of salicylic acid via reaction with acetic anhydride. A few drops of phosphoric acid are added to serve as a catalyst for the reaction. The use of acetic anhydride as a reactant, instead of acetic acid, results in a rapid and irreversible conversion of salicylic acid to ecstatically acid. Experimental Procedure: Synthesis of ecstatically acid 1 . A 400 ml beaker containing about 150 ml of water was heated to the boiling point on a hot plate. 2. 2 g of salicylic acid was weighed out and it was placed in a 100 ml conical flask. . 5 ml of acetic anhydride was added into the conical flask. . 5 drops of 85% phosphoric acid, HAPPY was added. The flask was swirled to mix the reactants and then it was clamped in the boiling water bath. It was heated for about 8 minutes. 5. The flask was removed carefully from the hot water bath and the hot plate was turned off. 2 ml of distilled water was added cautiously to the flask. The water will react with any unrelated acetic anhydride whic h remains. 6. Once the reaction between acetic anhydride and water had subsided, 40 ml Of water Was added to the flask. 7. The contents was allowed to cool at room temperature for minutes then the flask was placed in ice. . The contents was stirred with a glass rod periodically during this cooling period. The solid product was collected by vacuum filtration and it was washed with cooled water. 9. A small portion (spatula-tip full, 20-30 MGM) of this crude ecstatically acid was set aside. 10. To recitalist the ecstatically acid, it was transferred to a 100 ml conical flask and 10 ml of 95% ethanol was added. 1 1. The flask was heated slowly on a hot plate just until the aspirin completely dissolved. As soon as all of the solid has dissolved, the flask was removed from the hot plate. 12.Water was added to the solution in 5 ml portions, it was swirled after each addition, until a total of 40 ml of water has been added. 13. The flask was placed in an ice bath for 10 minutes to complete the crystallization. 14. The purified aspirin was collected by vacuum filtration. The crystals was washed in the funnel with ice-cold water. The vacuum was left on for a few minutes to air dry the purified aspirin, the crystals was then pressed between two pieces of filter paper to thoroughly dry them. 5. The mass, yield and melting point of dried aspirin were obtained. Results: Weight of salicylic acid used: 2. 0021 g Weight of watch glass: 20. 536 g Weight of watch glass t product: 21. 6651 g Weight of product: 1. 3115 g no. Of mole of salicylic acid: = 0. 01450 mol Volume Of acetic anhydride used 5 ml Density of acetic anhydride = 1. 082 g/ml Mass of acetic anhydride used = 1. 082 g/ml x 5 ml = 5. 41 g no. Of mole of acetic anhydride: – 0. 0530 mol = 3. 66>1 Since the mol of salicylic acid is smaller than the mol of acetic anhydride, salicylic acid is a limiting agent. Mol of salicylic acid produced 1 mol of ecstatically acid. 0. 01450 mol of salicylic acid produced 0. 014 50 mol of ecstatically acid. Theoretical weight of ecstatically acid: 0. 1450 mol x 180. 16 gnu-mol = 2. 6123 g Percentage yield: x 100% = 50. 20 % 50 % Melting point of aspirin: 138 – 140 co Discussion: Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipathetic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory' agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The active ingredient in aspirin was found to be salicylic acid. The structure of salicylic acid is shown below. In this experiment, aspirin is formed from the reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride through stratification. Aspirin can be made by reacting salicylic acid with acetic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst.The phenol group on the salicylic acid forms an ester with the carboxylic group on the acetic acid. However, this reaction is slow and has a relatively low yield. If acetic anhydride was used instead of acetic acid, the reaction will be much faster and has a higher yield (since ac etic anhydride is much more reactive than acetic acid). Therefore, we used acetic anhydride for shorten the period f stratification. In order for reaction to occur faster, phosphoric acid was added as a catalyst. Then the solution was being placed in the hot water bath to heat up and thus triggering the reaction between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride.The reaction was shown as below: In this experiment, the salicylic acid is the limiting reactant and the acetic anhydride is in excess. The addition of distilled water into the mixture after it is being removed from the water bath is to let the water react with the remaining acetic anhydride in the mixture which are still not being reacted. A vigorous reaction will occur as the decomposition of the excess acetic anhydride is exothermic. Once the decomposition of the excess acetic anhydride has completed, more water was added, forming completing the reaction.Now the solution contains two kinds of products, which are ecstatically aci d and acetic acid, according to the reaction shown below. The reason why acetic acid is dissolved in this process but not ecstatically acid was due to the hydrogen bonding of acetic acid can form with water while ecstatically acid cannot. This is due to the large carbon group maintained by ecstatically acid which caused it to have difficulties from forming hydrogen bond with water. The aspirin collected will then be purified by rationalizations. In this purification method, the crude aspirin will be dissolved in a small amount of warm ethanol.Water was then be added and the solution was cooled slowly in the ice bath and then chilled. The ecstatically acid will recitalist, and the solid impurities (unrelated salicylic acid) should remain dissolved in the solution. The solid aspirin will again be collected using vacuum filtration. Rationalizations was needed to obtain a pure product from the crude product. Therefore, this aspirin should be more pure than the original aspirin. The fina l product was left in air dry and weighed. The theoretical and percentage yield was calculated. The weight of ecstatically acid obtained was 1. 115 g while the percentage yield of product was 50%. Besides, the melting point of ecstatically acid we obtained was in the range of 1 38 – 140 By comparing these observed melting points with the literature value of 138 – CHIC for ecstatically acid, it was found that the values were exactly the same, indicating that both rodents were ecstatically acid( previously stated as ecstatically acid and acetic acid). The above reaction was an example of an organic synthesis called stratification. Stratification is the acid catcalled reaction of a carboxylic (-COHO) group and an -OH group of an alcohol or phenol to form a carboxylic ester.In the synthesis of aspirin, the -OH group is the phenol OH group attached to ring of the salicylic acid. The acetic group, ;COACH comes from acetic anhydride, and the reaction is catcalled by phosphori c acid, HAPPY. Salicylic acid has a higher priority as it has a benzene ring which s more stable than the open chain of acetic anhydride because it has more resonance. Salicylic acid reacts better with acetic anhydride than acetic acid, so acetic acid will provide the acetic group which will react with the alcoholic – OH group on the salicylic acid.The hydrogen ion from the hydroxyl group in the salicylic acid breaks away first, then combines with the oxygen which has a negative charge after acetic anhydride is broken into two parts, which are an alkyl carbonyl group and -?CHOC- group. This is how acetic acid is formed. Later on, the alkyl carbonyl group of acetic anhydride which now has positive charge due to the lack Of oxygen atom, connects to the oxygen atom which has a negative charge, lastly produced ecstatically acid as a neutral compound product.The mechanism of how an ecstatically acid formed from stratification reaction will be shown: Precaution steps: 1 . When hand ling phosphoric acid, students should be aware of spill it out because it is corrosive. 2. When adding water to the heated solution, students should be careful and added in small amount of water because it may splatter to the surroundings due to the vigorous reaction. 3. The elution was allowed to cool at room temperature before putting it into the ice bath for the process of crystallization in order to get crystals in a nicer form and in correct manner.

Alternative Methods to Obtain Stem Cells †Science Research

Alternative Methods to Obtain Stem Cells – Science Research Free Online Research Papers In 2005, the President’s Council on Bioethics convened to discuss alternative means of deriving pluripotent stem cells. Due to the nature of a blastocyst’s cellular organization, the original procedure to cultivate pluripotent stem cells lines involved the desegregation of blastomeres in developing embryos that necessitated their untimely death1. This process at its inception brought into question the ethics of using pluripotent stem cells derived from embryos, as it meant taking life to save life. This controversy was brought to the attention of the general public and resulted in, then, President George W. Bush delivering a speech on August 9, 2001 announcing his policy decision to â€Å"allow [scientists] to explore the promise and potential of stem cell research without crossing a fundamental moral line, by providing taxpayer funding that would sanction or encourage further destruction of human embryos that have at least the potential for life.† In effect, he would allow scientific research to continue to be performed on stem cells lines that had been derived previous to that date, but would not support federally funding new stem cell lines2. Stem cell research made several minor advancements in spite of this policy, but the governmental limitations frustrated many scientists who looked to stem cells as a vast new area to be explored. Thus, the council’s main objective was to find a morally preferable way to derive healthy pluripotent cells3. Many alternatives were discussed at length, but one, I believe, has the most potential for future application. This alternative process of deriving pluripotent stem cells is the Landry-Zucker Proposal. Donald Landry and Howard Zucker of Columbia University, in their landmark review of the situation, advocated for the derivation of pluripotent stem cell lines using blastomeres surgically removed from organismically dead embryos. Drawing upon court rulings and legislative acts, they surmised that an embryo could be technically classified as dead once the cells lost the ability of â€Å"continued and integrated cellular division, growth, and differentiation.1† The idea is that even though the embryo has lost the opportunity for further development, some healthy individual cells remain and can potentially be harvested for cultivation. In some ways, this proposal is analogous to the removal of organs from a deceased human adult3. Modern day IVF clinics contain a vast resource of healthy pluripotent stem cells that are currently left unutilized. Dr. Laverge at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the University Hospital in Belgium found a significant percentage of embryos preserved by cryogenic storage in IVF clinics do not continue cellular cleavage after being thawed; or lack the capacity for continued growth and development. There is a host of articles relating to scientists concerns that the reason behind the cessation of cleavage is solely chromosomal abnormalities1 3. This raises a serious issue of practicality as only healthy, diploid blastomeres can be used to derive normal functioning pluripotent stem cells. Addressing this issue, Dr. Laverge’s study found that approximately 11 percent of the non-cleaving embryos do not contain chromosomal abnormalities and would be suitable for pluripotent stem cell removal4. In a separate experiment by Dr. Alikani of the Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science of Saint Barnabas, 107 non-viable embryos were used to extract 247 individual cells. 33% of these cells were found to differentiate and continue normal cellular activity when placed in a living host embryo5. This constitutes a major supply of healthy stem cells without the ethical issues surrounding the extraction procedure. The Landry-Zucker proposition circumvents the ethical issues of harming human embryos during the extraction process (as they are already dead) but new ethical issues surface due to critics concerns that IVF clinics would intentionally harm embryos to increase the number available for stem cell extraction. The two Columbia professors addressed this concern by stipulating that only embryos originally created with reproductive intent, that were thought healthy enough to be kept alive in cryogenic storage, and that, after thawing, turned out to be dead could be used to derive cell cultures1. Regulatory boards could be created to ensure these guidelines were being met, and thus, no intentionally destroyed embryos would be used for research purposes. Another practical concern resulting from this proposition is the determination of embryo death. A study analyzing the success rates of cryostorage on embryos found that 90% of recently thawed embryos that displayed no cleavage after 24 hours did not cleave any further4. This allows for an approximation system, but more exact (and less time consuming) methods are needed. The Landry-Zucker proposal suggests further studies in biochemical markers that initiate spontaneous embryo death1. If these markers were to be found, there would be a reliable way for determining embryonic death and therefore less controversy in its designation. The reason the Landry-Zucker proposal has not been widely implemented could be a result of the significant investment of initial capital (both human resources and instrumentation) required to make the leap from current IVF policies to the ones proposed. Private companies have to weigh the pros and cons of using blastomeres derived from organismically dead embryos rather than the stem-cell lines derived before the designated deadline of August 9, 2001. Stem cells obtained from the spontaneously dead embryos must first be surgically removed, cultured, and then karyotyped to determine whether the new cell colony originated from a blastomere with genetic abnormalities (such as aneuploidy). This process obviously requires time and money that would not be needed if they were taken from the original stem cells. However, as former President Bush stated, his policy was set forth to avoid the further destruction of human embryos that have the potential for life3. As the embryos in the Landry- Zucker Proposal are from spontaneously dead embryos, the procedure cannot be said to harm them. This creates a loophole in which government funding may be acquired, offsetting the initial costs while remaining a viable way to acquire diploid blastomeres without the disruption to embryonic life. A number of potential uses for human embryonic stem cells have been championed ever since a method for preparing them was discovered in 19986. Even if pluripotent stem cells relieve none of the numerous diseases scientists claim, research on these unspecialized cells will provide an invaluable understanding of the processes of cellular differentiation. Scientists must be given use of these cells to further our understanding of ourselves and our humble embryonic origins. This knowledge, however, should be acquired through procedures that respect the sanctity of life. I believe the Landry-Zucker Proposal is an ethically sound way to cultivate future pluripotent stem cell lines. References: 1. Landry, D.W., Zucker, H.A. (2004). Embryonic death and the creation of human embryonic stem cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 114(9), 1184-1186. (Google Scholar: Landry-Zucker Proposal, Alternative stem cells) 2. Wertz, D.C. (2002). Embryo and stem cell research in the United States: history and politics. Gene Therapy, 9, 674?678. (Google Scholar: History of stem cells in United States, George W. Speech on stem cells) 3. The Presidents Council on Bioethics. (2005). White paper: alternative sources of pluripotent stem cells. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. (Google Scholar: Alternative sources of stem cells) 4. Laverge, H, et al. (1998). Fluorescent in-situ hybridization on human embryos showing cleavage arrest after freezing and thawing. Human Reproduction, 13, 425-429. (Google Scholar: Freezing and thawing, cryostorage, IVF clinics, human embryos) 5. Alikani, M, Willadsen, S. (2002). Human blastocysts from aggregated mononucleated cells of two or more non-viable zygote-derived embryos. Reprod. Biomed. Online, 5, 56-58. (Google Scholar: human embryos, non-viable, mortality rate, IVF clinics) 6. Thomson, JA, et al. (1998). Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science, 282, 1145-1147. (Google Scholar: Original method for viable human stem cells, blastomeres) Research Papers on Alternative Methods to Obtain Stem Cells - Science ResearchGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaOpen Architechture a white paper

The Freedom Writers Diary Essays

The Freedom Writers Diary Essays The Freedom Writers Diary Essay The Freedom Writers Diary Essay The Freedom Writers Essay- Chloe Taylor How are different cultures represented in Freedom Writers? What values and attitudes do we draw from the film and its background? Cultures are shown and exposed to us in various ways everyday. Different cultures are represented in different ways in the Western Society. In the movie Freedom Writers, we witness this cultural conflict on a first hand basis. Urban youths in Freedom Writers heavily rely on respect to judge others. They also judge based on each other’s cultural back ground. Later in the film, these same teenagers begin to value education and the sense of belonging in school, rather than belonging in gangs. Gangs and groups are a part of the Western Society that we have had to learn to accept in our lives. In the feature film Freedom Writers, we are shown gangs divided up into cultures and cultural backgrounds. This has built up a lot of tension between cultures and attitudes towards other gangs. The scene in which all the students enter room 203 and take seats into their separate corners of the room divided into their certain corners of the room shows the division between students in a real life. We see a long shot of the whole classroom showing its layout and the segregation between gangs. Then multiple mid-shots are shown of the gang itself and its individual members to decipher the multiple gangs, their attitudes towards school and their way of life. Even though the students start their school year with an attitude of ignorance towards other cultures they begin to learn the value of each individual and change their point of view and their gangs and cooperate with their cultures. People may argue that respect is something that has to be earned, it is not automatic. In the 1992 Los Angeles’s race riots, respect was something that was taken for granted, as it was essential for their society. In Freedom Writers, Ms Gruwell demanded respect immediately. Not surprisingly the students refused to give it to her and why should they of, they didn’t know anything about Ms Gruwell. Towards the end of the film we see that Ms Gruwell has gradually gained the respect she wanted from her class. We are shown this in a first hand basis as Andre, a gang member, calls Ms Gruwell ‘Mam’. She takes this as an offence and claims she is not anyone’s mother; Eva soon corrects her and states that it was a ‘sign of respect to you’. This scene is shown to us by a series of close up shots of Andre, Ms Gruwell and Eva. This is purposely done to capture the changing emotion in the characters face. The students of room 203 value Ms Gruwell not only as a teacher and a person and this is reflected in their attitude and behaviour. We all know what racism is and have most likely been subjected to it or witnessed it at one time in our lives. Racism is more prominent in schools and work places although random attacks of racist acts can also be seen in the streets or at public places where the offender and the victim may not even know each other. In the feature film Freedom Writers, every student at Long Beach either dishes out racist comments or receives them. When all of the ‘unteachable’ students get integrated into the same class we see this clash of cultures collide. A racist caricature is drawn of one of the African-American students and the rest of the students find it amusing. Ms Gruwell takes the picture and compares it to the Jews during the holocaust. Erin was greeted with dumb-founded looks only to find out the kids didn’t know what the holocaust was yet they acted out their lives in a similar racist manner. This scene is shown by using close ups of Ms Gruwell and the victim of the caricature, Jamal. We see Ms Gruwell looking horrified and Jamal’s expression looking embarrassed. We are also shown mid-shots of the whole class to show their expressions and they seem amused and proud of themselves. Towards the end of the movie the students do not lash out any forms of racism at one another and instead treat each other as good friends. At the end of Freedom Writers, the students have accepted and value each other as individual people not of their cultural back ground. Ms Gruwell gained the respect she earned from devoting her life to teach these children. During this essay I have explored the movie Freedom Writers and how factors like gangs, respect and racism can have such an impact on peoples lives. It can change peoples values on life and their attitudes and behaviours towards things and that is what we draw from the film.

The Difference Between Purines and Pyrimidines

The Difference Between Purines and Pyrimidines Purines and pyrimidines are two types of aromatic heterocyclic organic compounds. In other words, they are ring structures (aromatic) that contain nitrogen as well as carbon in the rings (heterocyclic). Both purines and pyrimidines are similar to the chemical structure of the organic molecule pyridine (C5H5N). Pyridine, in turn, is related to benzene (C6H6), except one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom. Purines and pyrimidines are important molecules in organic chemistry and biochemistry because they are the basis for other molecules (e.g., caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, thiamine) and because they are key components of the nucleic acids dexoyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Pyrimidines A pyrimidine is an organic ring consisting of six atoms: 4 carbon atoms and 2 nitrogen atoms. The nitrogen atoms are placed in the 1 and 3 positions around the ring. Atoms or groups attached to this ring distinguish pyrimidines, which include cytosine, thymine, uracil, thiamine (vitamin B1), uric acid, and barbituates. Pyrimidines function in DNA and RNA, cell signaling, energy storage (as phosphates),  enzyme regulation, and to make protein and starch. Purines A purine contains a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring (a five-member ring with two non-adjacent nitrogen atoms). This two-ringed structure has nine atoms forming the ring: 5 carbon atoms and 4 nitrogen atoms. Different purines are distinguished by the atoms or functional groups attached to the rings. Purines are the most widely occurring heterocyclic molecules that contain nitrogen. They are abundant in meat, fish, beans, peas, and grains. Examples of purines include caffeine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid, theobromine, and the nitrogenous bases adenine and guanine. Purines serve much the same function as pyrimidines in organisms. They are part of DNA and RNA, cell signaling, energy storage, and enzyme regulation. The molecules are used to make starch and proteins. Bonding Between Purines and Pyrimidines While purines and pyrimidines include molecules that are active on their own (as in drugs and vitamins), they also form hydrogen bonds between each other to link the two strands of the DNA double helix and to form complementary molecules between DNA and RNA. In DNA, the purine adenine bonds to the pyrimidine thymine and the purine guanine bonds to the pyrimidine cytosine. In RNA, adenine bonds to uracil and guanine still bonds with cytosine. Approximately equal amounts of purines and pyrimidines are required to form either DNA or RNA. Its worth noting there are exceptions to the classic Watson-Crick base pairs. In both DNA and RNA, other configurations occur, most often involving methylated pyrimidines. These are called wobble pairings. Comparing and Contrasting Purines and Pyrimidines The purines and pyrimidines both consist of heterocyclic rings. Together, the two sets of compounds make up the nitrogenous bases. Yet, there are distinct differences between the molecules. Obviously, because purines consist of two rings rather than one, they have a higher molecular weight. The ring structure also affects the melting points and solubility  of the purified compounds. The human body synthesizes (anabolism) and breaks down (catabolism) the molecules differently. The end product of purine catabolism is uric acid, while the end products of pyrimidine catabolism are ammonia and carbon dioxide. The body does not make the two molecules in the same location, either. Purines are synthesized primarily in the liver, while a variety of tissues make pyrimidines. Here is a summary of the essential facts about purines and pyrimidines: Purine Pyrimidine Structure Double ring (one is a pyrimidine) Single ring Chemical Formula C5H4N4 C4H4N2 Nitrogenous Bases Adenine, guanine Cytosine, uracil, thymine Uses DNA, RNA, vitamins, drugs (e.g., barbituates), energy storage, protein and starch synthesis, cell signaling, enzyme regulation DNA, RNA, drugs (e.g., stimulants), energy storage, protein and starch synthesis, enzyme regulation, cell signaling Melting Point 214 C (417 F) 20 to 22 C (68 to 72 F) Molar Mass 120.115 gmol1 80.088 g mol1 Solubility (Water) 500 g/L Miscible Biosynthesis Liver Various tissues Catabolism Product Uric acid Ammonia and carbon dioxide Sources Carey, Francis A. (2008). Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). Mc Graw Hill. ISBN 0072828374.Guyton, Arthur C. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0.Joule, John A.; Mills, Keith, eds. (2010). Heterocyclic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-405-13300-5.Nelson, David L. and Michael M Cox (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (5th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 272. ISBN 071677108X.Soukup, Garrett A. (2003). Nucleic Acids: General Properties. eLS. American Cancer Society. doi:10.1038/npg.els.0001335 ISBN 9780470015902.

Final Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final - Assignment Example Looking at solar energy this is the sun’s energy that undergoes conversion by an n equipment to produce desired power to use as lamps and heat in the school, house, and industries. Other form of energy such as gas and coal comes from fossils, which will not remain available for long. To add on that, this fossils pollutes the air and hence causing harm to human being. Solar energy is clean and readily available furthermore its distinction is not measurable. This equipment produces light for human being to use. It can be streetlights, house light or even vehicle light. The different types of bulbs include those that save energy and those that use significant amount of energy. Basing to fluorescent ballasts, this bulbs tent to use small amount of energy compare to the other light emitting bulbs. Again this ballast supplements long life and to lamp and cost reasonably. This lamps are wired in parallel thus when one lamp blows off, the other one remains illuminated. This lamp is cheaper to install and use, also does not produce pollution in the environment. A green house is essential in that the plants use up carbon, which in turn produces oxygen that offers good air purification. In implementation, it is cheap since its easier to access it and more cheaper to organize the whole field. These plants are effective to human since they purify the air as well as using the sun making human kind to benefit from the rays. In the end, this leads to energy conservation. In both industrial and commercial buildings, fan is critical in that, it provides a source of cool breeze that gives comfort to workers. This fan is capable of blowing warm air that may be because of hot heat from the machine. This fan has ability to reduce up to 25% of heat produced in the industry. Wind is essential in the rotation of turbines making it give power for some big

Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Prostitution - Essay Example The first main point for evaluation is the point of human rights. Perkins (1991) wrote about human rights in support of prostitution: â€Å"The decriminalisation of the prostitution legislation, therefore, would immediately free prostitutes from the shackles of unjust laws, but it would also be a positive step in removing a punitive threat to all women, especially those who aspire to freedom of sexual choice.† This is a main point because I strongly disagree with prostitution, and yet, Perkins presented an interesting concept that prostitution is a freedom of sexual choice. It is a good example of freedom of autonomy over one’s body that is hard to oppose. I definitely do not see prostitution as a sort of freedom, but prostitutes can claim their bodies as their own, therefore underscoring their human right to their job of choice. Post (2013) opposed Perkins when she said: â€Å"The practice of prostitution brands all women as something that can be bought and sold; and therefore, just like slaves, less than full humans who deserve the complete panoply of human rights.† I agree with her that prostitution is dehumanising, so it means it is not aligned with human rights. To be a prostitute is to be a slave to gender-based sexual desires that is not what humanity should be. I truly think that to have human rights and freedoms, prostitutes should have access to other alternative jobs. Leidholdt (1993) also disagreed with Perkins that prostitution is a human right or freedom: â€Å"[Prostitution] is about the absence of meaningful choices; about having alternative routes to survival cut off or being in a situation where you don’t have options to begin with† (p.136). I chose this as a main point because I agree that prostitution is against human rights because many prostitutes are known to say that they would leave prostitution

Rogue Waves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rogue Waves - Essay Example However, author critiques this factor as "rather unrealistic". Second factor is temporal-spatial focusing which is the result of applying dispersion to a wave group with chirped spatial distribution of frequencies. Author notes that this mechanism can work for the "forced" wavetrains only which can not develop spontaneously. Finally, third factor is nonlinear focusing which produces solitons and so-called breathers as model representations of rogue waves. About real mechanisms of the rogue waves forming in the open ocean, author concludes that 'nobody knows the answer to these questions yet.' My Comments: This paper shows that there are some fields for researches with no direct and clear answers. Real mechanism of the rogue waves forming in the open ocean is yet unknown. Existing mathematical models for explanation of these phenomena are refined but not realistic. Indeed, considered mechanisms for the wave energy focusing are operable only for narrow sets of cases or for unnatural conditions. Details of mathematical notations (especially in Appendix) were not clear for me. Article Summary: This is short but comprehensive introduction to the freak/rogue waves phenomenon. It contains well adjusted set of facts and ideas about rogue waves, namely: informal definition, brief history of observations with examples, discussion about causes of its origin, typical values of the break forces, sea conditions that may create (or accompany) freak waves, etc. There are no formulae at all. This article serves as global pattern for the rogue waves problem whereas numerous articles concentrate upon mathematical details and minor features of this phenomenon. My Comments: As for me, this is one of the best articles about rogue waves. Some facts are just amazing. For example, cases from the article show that freak waves greater than 25 meters in height are real and much more common than expected. Obviously, this phenomenon is far beyond so-called linear model. Than, actual causes and mechanisms of rogue waves are unknown (cf. previous article). Here, unpredictable freak waves are real miracles of the Nature, not mirages. It is important to distinguish freak waves and tsunamis. Then, article contains tremendous facts about the force of a breaking freak wave. It is about 100 MT/m2 for a 12-meter rogue wave which is much more than for wave in linear model. Article reading was easy and fascinating. Article is highly recommended for any scholar at the beginning stage of studying this phenomenon. Source: Proceedings of Rogue Waves 2004 Conference, Brest, France - October 2004. Off the Internet at: http://www.ifremer.fr/web-com/stw2004/rw/fullpapers/haver.pdf Article Name: Freak waves: a suggested definition and possible consequences for marine structures.

Bereavement & Aging According to Reality Theory Research Paper

Bereavement & Aging According to Reality Theory - Research Paper Example The accessed memories trigger the individual’s vibes or feelings, which in turn motivate behavioral response to generate pleasant vibes and prevent the unpleasant one. This process is rapid and automatic, from the appearance of the stimulus to the production or behavioral response. Basic to reality theory is the interaction of preconsciously and consciously held beliefs. In terms of adjustment, the meaning of an event, derived from the experiential system, takes more precedence over the consciously held rational beliefs (Stroebe, Stroebe, and Hansson, 1999). For instance, in the conscious state of an individual, his rational system could induce emotional distress due to the death of a sibling, but his experiential system could evoke a feeling of triumph, along with regrets, in the death of a rival. In this scenario, an individual experiences confusion on his inappropriate feelings. Aging is an intricate multifactorial process which generally influence by the genes and the environment. The physiological and biological bases of aging measurements revealed the prevalent changes brought by the complex processes. These changes in the tissue, molecular and cellular organizations affect the entire organ system of an animal. Most of these changes involve molecular mechanisms that cause cellular damage which in turn can adversely affect the individual (Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields, 2006). Hence, aging is generally described as a sequence of time-dependent changes which increase the probability of death as the organism gains progress in age. On the other hand, death is a prominent characteristic of biological aging. Death can occur at any phase of human development, but is mostly ascribed to results and implications of the processes of aging. With aging, the function of liver, kidneys, and gut is reduced. Like all other organs, these also become atrophie because cells are not being replaced after their

Therapeutic Nursing Interventions Research Paper

Therapeutic Nursing Interventions - Research Paper Example Nursing is a field that involves dealing with a large number of people and thus, communication is a key factor at work. However, it is through communication that the nurses get into conflicts with one another and with the patients (Morrell-Stinson, Abraham,  & Bolliger, 2012). Statement of the Problem The clinical problem here is conflict among the nurses and with the patients. While working, nurses tend to disagree about many things concerning work. In my environment nurses engage in issues such as stubbornness, failure to adhere to the right clinical ethics, and failure to follow the set rules and regulations. Therefore, this raises conflicts since the head officers will not agree to some of the behaviors displayed (Morrell-Stinson et al., 2012). The work environment also contributes to conflicts among nurses. For instance, in an environment where the laboratory equipment is few, nurses may get into a conflict over the use of such instruments. However, this will also depend to th e way in which the environment is organized. In an environment where duties are not well allocated to the nurses, the conflicts are bound to increase (Bjork,  1995). Since nurses are always working together, differences in personalities also contribute to conflicts. Each nurse has his or her own personality, which may be different from that of another nurse. This way, disagreements may be on the increase if two different personalities cross paths. In my environment, the issue of poor qualifications also contributes to conflicts both among the nurses and with the patients (Bjork,  1995). Conflicts with the patients occur when patients feel that the nurse does possess efficient skills in the field. On the other hand, conflicts with other nurses arise when a nurse performs a particular duty in the wrong manner. Therefore, the problem of conflicts in the nursing field can be faced in different ways. This is a clinical problem in my environment because many nurses have performed poor ly at work due to the issue of conflicts with their colleagues and patients. In addition, conflicts with patients have also caused loss of lives of many patients. This can be mainly explained by the fact that conflict resolution methods in my environment are very poor (Stanton,  2012). The reason why I chose to investigate this problem is because the issue has become a key subject of discussion since it is causing many losses among nurses and patients. For instance, conflicts have caused many nurses to lose their jobs and even their licenses. On the other hand, patients have also died due to chaos among the nurses in clinics. Therefore, this is an issue that needs immediate attention before it causes more losses. Increasing conflicts can also be attributed to the increasing diversity among people. For example, in the United States, clinical facilities are composed of nurses from different races and cultures. Therefore, the workplace consists of people with different cultural value s and thus, they have to learn how to tolerate one another’s values in order to stay in harmony. Current Clinical Practice In the current clinical setting, diversity is the key cause of conflicts and thus, nurses have to find a way of accepting and appreciating one another. The key mechanisms used in the current clinical setting include application of policies and regulations that should be followed at the workplace. However, in most cases these regulations do not

Bereavement & Aging According to Reality Theory Research Paper

Bereavement & Aging According to Reality Theory - Research Paper Example The accessed memories trigger the individual’s vibes or feelings, which in turn motivate behavioral response to generate pleasant vibes and prevent the unpleasant one. This process is rapid and automatic, from the appearance of the stimulus to the production or behavioral response. Basic to reality theory is the interaction of preconsciously and consciously held beliefs. In terms of adjustment, the meaning of an event, derived from the experiential system, takes more precedence over the consciously held rational beliefs (Stroebe, Stroebe, and Hansson, 1999). For instance, in the conscious state of an individual, his rational system could induce emotional distress due to the death of a sibling, but his experiential system could evoke a feeling of triumph, along with regrets, in the death of a rival. In this scenario, an individual experiences confusion on his inappropriate feelings. Aging is an intricate multifactorial process which generally influence by the genes and the environment. The physiological and biological bases of aging measurements revealed the prevalent changes brought by the complex processes. These changes in the tissue, molecular and cellular organizations affect the entire organ system of an animal. Most of these changes involve molecular mechanisms that cause cellular damage which in turn can adversely affect the individual (Cavanaugh and Blanchard-Fields, 2006). Hence, aging is generally described as a sequence of time-dependent changes which increase the probability of death as the organism gains progress in age. On the other hand, death is a prominent characteristic of biological aging. Death can occur at any phase of human development, but is mostly ascribed to results and implications of the processes of aging. With aging, the function of liver, kidneys, and gut is reduced. Like all other organs, these also become atrophie because cells are not being replaced after their

Over 30 workers Trapped After Chilean Copper Mine Collapse Research Paper

Over 30 workers Trapped After Chilean Copper Mine Collapse - Research Paper Example The rescue team had to drill another shaft to get into the miners. After, two months of drilling since the collapsed of the mine the rescue team managed to get into the trapped miners. Although, the conditions were unbearable the miners did all they could to remain alive while waiting to be rescued. Moreover, the government provided liquid food like milk to the mines to sustain the health condition of each person. The collapse of San Esteban mine was tragic and distressing mainly to the affected families. Thus, a communication design had to be in place to address the issue to the public and affected families. The government of Chile and San Esteban Mining Company had to filter the information that gets into the world about the disaster. Whelchel and Dauble indicate that the company has to deliver information in two main ways (2011). This is because of the existence of people with difference roles in the group and the having the audience in mind. Firstly, the information should be to the families and workers and secondly to the employees and press. As a result, delivering information with these audiences in mind will ensure most people receive the message as the company and the government intended. ... Therefore, Whelchel and Dauble indicate that the mining company has the responsibility to inform the families of the trapped workers about the happenings and proceedings taking place to rescue the trapped workers. The information will help address the potential need of the families of the mine. The potential need of the employees while receiving the information is to know the chances of survival of the trapped workers. More so to help trace the records of the workers trapped in the mine and stand in solidarity with the company leaders. This will help in the process of rescuing and identifying of the affected families. Before delivering the message about the collapsed San Esteban mine, the company should first know the number of workers trapped and have the list of the workers in the mine. The company would call an impromptu board meeting to explain to the internal management team about the disaster that has just happened and lay strategies of rescuing the trapped people. This will he lp in the clarity of the issues. Durham describes that before delivering information about the mine accident the company needs to know the ways of delivering information to the employees and the affected families (2011). This will help calm and reassure the families and employees and increase the peoples trust in the company rescuing process. Since, the collapse of the mine is a disaster that has affected the country, the government of Chile has to get the first hand information from the mining company before the information about the accident is officially released to other people, The focus of both the company and government will be on the action taken after the release information about the accident. The company could take

Moving towards a cashless society Essay Example for Free

Moving towards a cashless society Essay In history there was no money but people used to evaluate commodities in monetary terms. People used to make trade of goods for goods that could be estimated to have same monetary value as waved. The person who wanted to buy some commodity could make estimates of the commodity the seller has and compare its value in terms of worthiness to the commodity of exchange. Money was later invented as a tangible form that includes paper and coin. Transactions were all handled in monetary value and different currencies were also put in place for different nations. Different rates were also set up to be able trade efficiently on different currencies. Cash became the day to day ways of trading were one had to have paper money so that they could be able to acquire whatever they want. Banks were developed for easier and safe storage so that no one could get hold of in illegally. Cash or money has the following advantages like that the mode of payment is easier and simple because no so much transactions are made. Counterfeit money is also easy to detect and systemic risks are hardly a problem. There is no paper trail and is a peer to peer mode of payment. It also introduced lots of problem like theft and counterfeiting of paper cash. This led to the revolutionary of cashless society by introduction of cheques where people no longer carry cash but writes cheques that authorizes withdrawals and payments in terms of cash. (Thorndal, 1994) Traditionally deposits have been used for payments at a distance. Deposits can be transferred in a number of ways: payer initiated transfer, direct debit, standing order, check, credit card. With distance to distance payments or mode of trade the demand for are more fast and effective ways of communication and trade came into place. The introduction of ATM card was introduced by the banks to enhance trade. People no longer had to carry cash but could make withdrawals through these cards. The electronic cash system came into place where people can buy things over the internet using cards as a form of electronic commerce. This electronic cash system involves use of cards that have been categorized as credit cards, electronic cash and smart cards. The credit cards involve creating an encrypted channel for use of cards for internet like VISA or MasterCard. Electronic cash uses specially designed software where customer buys electronic cash for digital wallet then sends as payment to merchant. Examples are DigiCash and CyberCash. Smart cards include contact less and swap cards like MasterCard, Visa, Quicklink, VisaCash, Protonn and Danmont. The growth of payment cards reflects their attractiveness to consumers over other forms of payment and credit. Payment cards offer consumers numerous benefits, including better management of one’s expenses, improved recordkeeping, greater shopping convenience, reduction of the risk of theft, float for those who do not revolve balances, rewards from use of cards that are available for additional purchases, and, especially for debit cards, convenience in obtaining cash. I first discuss these benefits and then consider the benefits of payment cards when used to obtain credit. (Wallace, 1983) Payment cards allow consumers to manage their money better by making it possible to anticipate, plan, and match their obligations to their available funds. The payment cards allow consumers to smooth out unexpected expenditures such as car repairs or family emergencies . Payment cards also reduce the costs of record keeping and retaining individual receipts. Checks also offer this advantage but payment cards do not require the additional inconvenience of recording in and then rebalance a checkbook. Payment cards can also reduce the time and transaction costs associated with shopping. Advances in technology have dramatically increased the speed of processing card transactions which are now substantially faster than writing checks. If the ATM is outside of the consumer’s network the consumer must pay a fee to withdraw the money. In contrast transactional users of payment cards pay nothing to use their card. Transaction errors, such as receiving too little or too much change, are also probably higher with cash than with electronic payment card transactions. Another advantage of payment cards is that payment cards can be used in a wide variety of outlets hence helping both consumers and merchants. (Krueger, 1999) Some Debit cards, PIN or online cards allow consumers to withdraw additional cash beyond the price of the purchase for which the card is used thus saving the use of ATM. Unsecured personal finance loans are expensive with much higher initiation fees than credit cards. Credit cards are attractive for consumers for both cost and convenience. General purpose credit cards have also substantially displaced retail store credit. We have also so many disadvantage of using payment cards. One of this disadvantage in that they are risky for customers because they cay be incur fraud easily. People can use your card and pin number once known to withdraw or use your money. Credit cards are also expensive to acquire because they are costly. Payment cards are only acceptable by registered merchants and hence are not applicable everywhere. Card users also incur high interchange fee and cost while transacting using this payment cards. (Prinz, 1999) Specific regulations need to make a cashless society of cards work smoothly. Regulation in the payment card need to be set due to the claim of interchange fees are too high and as a result reduces consumers to overuse payment card. Interchange fees arose from the structure of the Visa and MasterCard networks. Visa adopted a fixed interchange fee which was not linked to the merchant discount charged by individual acquirers. A uniform fee reduced the transaction costs of negotiating separate interchange fees between acquirers and issuers and eliminated the difficulties that issuers faced in monitoring in the merchant discount set by the acquirers. Visa and MasterCard reduced the interchange fees charged to supermarkets hence reducing the merchant discount. Some regulations were also imposed on regulating card frauds that many banks face. Fraud card detectors have been setup and laws governing the enactment of the card fraud have been set to punish those fraudsters. The winners of the cashless society are the consumers or users of the cards because they have been absorbed from the risk of physical theft of money. Even though there are fraudsters, the users are not exposed to so much risk of theft. Card users can effectively purchase things online regardless of the distance because all transactions are done to the and at a very high speed. The losers are the merchants or company providing this services because the have to incur all the expenses of setting up this technology and infrastructure. Lastly they incur the problem of making all transactions possible regardless the distance and parties involved. The merchants incur all this cost and expenses in this cashless society. (Buiter, 2005) Reference Buiter, W (2005): New developments in monetary economics: Economic journal, Vol. 115 Thorndal, J. (1994): Prepaid cards and monetary Review: Danmarks Publishers Krueger, M. (1999): Towards a Moneyless world: Dept of Economics and finance: University of Durham Press Prinz, A (1999): Money in the real and Virtual World: Netnomics journal. Wallace, N (1983): A suggestion for oversimplifying the theory of money: Economic journal

Object Oriented Programming

Object Oriented Programming There are many definitions in different sources. Some of them are like: Object-oriented programming is a method of programming based on hierarchy of classes, and well-defined and cooperating objects (Oracle, 2010a) Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is different from procedural programming languages in several ways. Everything in OOP is grouped as objects. OOP, defined in the purest sense, is implemented by sending messages to objects (IBM, 1995a) Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming language model organized around objects rather than actions and data rather than logic (TechTarget, 2008) So in other words, OOPs is a type of programming in which the programmers have to define not only the data type of a data structure but also the functions or operations to be applied to the data structure. By doing this, the data structure converts to an object including both data and functions. Java, Python, Visual Basic .NET, Ruby, Smalltalk and C++ are among the popular OOP languages. The OOP starts with first step as identification of all the objects to be manipulated and how they identify each other. This is often called as data modelling. Once the object has been identified, we have to label it as objects class and also have to define the type of data contained in it and any logical sequences that can manipulate it. A distinct logic sequence is known as method. An instance of class is called as an object. The object runs in machine (computer). Computer instructions are provided by methods and the data is provided by the object characteristics. OOPs Principles OOP deals with objects, and to define it, w should know the types of objects which are described in class. Objects are instances of class. A class contains methods and attributes. Attributes are used to represent an object by using a dot, like: anObject.someAttribute; the attribute can be any type even same as an object type. Methods are used to represent the working of an object like: anObject.someMethod(parameters); The difference between attribute and method is that an attribute can only contain a value or a state but a method can also do some functioning. In the programming world, there is not any definition of OOP which can be accepted by all at same time but certain principles have been formed to help in understanding OOPs (Filimon, 2007a): Modularity it means to break the program code into different parts which can then easily be interlinked to make a well organized program. Figure 1: Modularity (Filimon, 2007b) Encapsulation it is linked to modularity. According to this, everything except the interface of an object should be hidden and precisely located, so the actual implementation can easily be changed, with an improvement to the program security (Filimon 2007a). Figure 2: Encapsulation (IBM, 1995b) Inheritance this is the main reason in the fine working of OOP. It allows a class to have the same behaviour as another class and extend or remove that behaviour to provide special action for specific needs (IBM, 1995a) Figure 3: Inheritance (Oracle, 2010b) This diagram shows the class hierarchy as it descends from java.lang.Object for the classes in the user interface. Benefits of OOP With the help of inheritance, a programmer can eliminate the redundant code and extends the use of available code. Classes Programs can be built from the working modules which interact with one another, rather than starting the code again from scratch. Due to this, lots of development time is saved and production is higher. Because of data hiding, the programs are designed not be touched by the codes in other parts of the program and this provides greater system security and avoids unintended corruption. Multiple instances of an object can coexist without any interference. Easy to break the work in parts based on objects. Easily small to large systems upgradation of OO systems. With the help of the concept of data classes, a programmer can create any new data type which is not already defined in the language. Code reuse; polymorphism. Errors are caught when compiling rather than at runtime. Works like the way real world works. Easily to map a real world problem to a solution in OO code. Disadvantages of OOP OOP takes more time to execute as it is a high level concept and many routines run at back at the time of execution. Artificial class relations. We can easily make break the program making it more suitable according to us but if the programming is based on real world problem then the modified structure is not similar to what exist in real. Unnecessary complications. Wastage of time in case of small coding programs. Due to inheritance, it is hard to read the code. If u have classes inheriting other classes, then you might end up with code again and again to figure out which method is called. How OOP is used in Software Development? In any complexity of software development, OOP is the best to solve the issue. These are the areas where OOP is used (Buyya et al, 2009): Image processing Pattern recognition Computer assisted concurrent engineering Computer aided design and manufacturing Computer aided teaching Intelligent systems Database management systems Web based applications Distributed computing and applications Component based applications Business process reengineering Enterprise resource planning Data security and management Mobile computing Data warehousing and data mining Parallel computing OOP just helps us to load the real world problem into software which can be modified in different ways depending on the needs. Once a code generated for any software can be used again and again to serve other applications with same functions. This helps in saving lots of time for the programmers and also helps in making the program flexible so that it can be easily modified when there is need. I think OOP is not a successful approach to a beginner in programming because programming is not easy until the programmer does not know what objects or classes are. OOP have many advantages but they will work for the programmers having good knowledge in the concepts of programming. Despite all the advantages, a beginner cannot distinguish between the classes, objects or any other things which makes it difficult to understand. So I think a beginner should start with low level programs to learn the basic concepts and then move to OOP. References Buyya, R., Somasundaram, SS. and Chu, X. (2009) Object Oriented Programming with Java: Essentials and Applications. New Delhi, India: McGraw-Hill. Filimon, T. (2007a) Object Oriented Programming [online]. Available from: http://teodorfilimon.com/articles/OOP/Object-Oriented-Programming.htm. [Accessed 14th January 2011]. Filimon, T. (2007b) Object Oriented Programming [online image]. Available from: http://teodorfilimon.com/articles/OOP/Object-Oriented-Programming.htm. [Accessed 14th January 2011]. IBM. (1995a) Introduction: What is Object-Oriented Programming? [online]. Available from: http://www.inf.ufsc.br/poo/smalltalk/ibm/tutorial/oop.html#oop. [Accessed 12th January 2011]. IBM. (1995b) Introduction: What is Object-Oriented Programming? [online image]. Available from: http://www.inf.ufsc.br/poo/smalltalk/ibm/tutorial/oop.html#oop. [Accessed 14th January 2011]. Oracle. (2010a) essentials of the Java Programming Language: A Hands-On Guide part 2 [online]. Available from: http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTraining/Programming/BasicJava2/oo.html. [Accessed 12th January 2011]. Oracle. (2010b) essentials of the Java Programming Language: A Hands-On Guide part 2 [online]. Available from: http://java.sun.com/developer/onlineTraining/Programming/BasicJava2/oo.html. [Accessed 14th January 2011]. TechTarget. (2008) Object Oriented Programming [online]. Available from: http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/object-oriented-programming. [Accessed 12th January 2011].

The Search for Wisdom Essay -- essays research papers

The Search for Wisdom Wisdom, as defined in the dictionary, is "the sum of learning through the ages; knowledge". Plato's Socrates indicates that wisdom is the acknowledgement of ignorance. This statement may be hard to prove as true. If a deaf and dumb man came to realize that he knew nothing, because he is not able to learn it, does this make him wise? I do not believe so. Then, if a prominent professor who has studied for years and has learned many things, comes to believe that he is ignorant to the true ways of the world, does that make him wise? Possibly so. So, what is the difference here? The difference is knowledge. I believe, and the dictionary points to the fact that, one must contain a great deal of knowledge to be wise. In Apology, Socrates says that "What is probable, gentlemen, is the fact that the god is wise and that his oracular response meant that human wisdom is worth little or nothing..." This statement comes from Socrates after he has searched Athens for a person that was wise. It may be true that his god was wise, as gods are usually all-knowing beings. But what makes a god wise? It must be his knowledge of all earthly things. Then, why is human wisdom worth little or nothing? It may seem like human wisdom is worth little or nothing in comparison with the wisdom of the gods, though in comparison to other humans, why should human wisdom be worth little or nothing? I believe...

Otto Von Bismarck and Bismarckian Germany

The historical interpretation of Otto von Bismarck and Bismarckian Germany has undergone extensive transformation, as historians have had access to a wider variety of sources and evidence, and have held differing social and political presuppositions influencing their portrayal of the German unifier. The changing historical interpretations can be seen over time, as differing contexts and sources influence the portrayal, as early interpretations of Bismarck from the 1870s to the 1920s portrayed Bismarck as a man in charge and as a necessity for Germany to move forward.The interpretation of Bismarck continued to change throughout the 1930s and 40s as a result of Nazism and the collapse of the Third Reich, the interpretations shifted, and throughout the 1960s, 70s and 80s the interpretation of Bismarck has become more balanced, not significantly influenced by political desires, whilst still influenced by social context. Through the study of historical debate focussing between the 1880s a nd 1980s, the changing interpretations of Bismarck can be illuminated and assessed.Historiographical debate of Bismarck’s impact upon Germany began almost immediately following his rise to prominence, as the primary initial historiography within Germany demanded a â€Å"strong man†[1], â€Å"who would cut the Gordian knot of nationalistic aspirations†. [2] Thus, German historians and the public throughout the 1850s and 1860s desired Bismarck to be portrayed as a benefactor to the German society; however Bismarck was also criticised as being detrimental to the development of Germany. The differing interpretations of Bismarck throughout the 1980s were â€Å"between the kleindeutsche and gro? eutshe historians†. [3] As the kleindeutsche historians argued that the unification was a â€Å"natural birth†, the gro? deutshe viewed it as a â€Å"caesarean section†. [4] The kleindeutshe school of though was largely composed of nationalist historians H einrich von Sybel and Treitschke. Treitschke argued that the subjection of Germany was an inevitable price of unification[5], countering Mommsen’s critique arguing that â€Å"the injury done by the Bismarckian era is infinitely greater than its benefits†¦the subjugation of the German spirit was a misfortune which cannot be undone†. 6] The nationalist-liberal interpretation of Bismarck was reflected significantly in the publications of the late 19th Century historians as for these historians, â€Å"Bismarck became the man with the masterplan†[7], and thus following the unification in 1871 â€Å"there was a feeling of fulfilment amongst historians†¦the status quo had to be supported†. [8] The impact of the historian’s context is clearly shown as â€Å"early biographies by German historians also show us the extent to which the political Zeitgeist made them distort the picture of Bismarck†. 9] The sources available to the historians of the 1880s and 1890s also influenced their interpretation of Bismarck as â€Å"the documents were chosen by Bismarck himself†[10], which has been clearly shown to have impacted upon the writings of the German nationalist historian, Sybel, as Sybel’s writings were checked by Bismarck prior to publication. [11] Thus, as a result of the impact of sources and context, Sybel portrayed Bismarck as a good servant who did his duty to his nation. 12] The writings of the late 19th Century, 1871 to the early 20th Century 1910 were significantly influenced by the nationalist-liberal interpretation of the time and context. The German defeat in the First World War, in 1918 was expected to have created a revision in German historiography however, this was not the case[13], as the failures of WWI were averted and blamed on others through the â€Å"Stab in the back† ideology, the Bismarck myth did not become tainted.The roots of the myth of Bismarck were planted throughout the 1 920s as â€Å"German historians of the twenties and thirties were driven by the idea of giving their countrymen an unchallengeable hero in Bismarck†. [14] The struggles of the German nation following the defeat in WWI and the social and political revolution resulted in Germany needing Bismarck â€Å"to provide courage and orientation†, and thus the manufactured interpretation of Bismarck was one of guidance and success. 15] Publications throughout this time were limited; however the ability to understand Bismarck’s impact was extensively amplified as â€Å"new documents were released from the foreign office archives†. [16] Thus as a result of the flourish of foreign policy research, the 1920 interpretation of Bismarck’s foreign policy portrayed it as â€Å"an example of modesty and wisdom†. [17] The writings of Emil Ludwig, Geschichte eines Kampfers in 1928 substantiates this romantic and savour view of Bismarck, as â€Å"Bismarck’s life is portrayed as an ancient Greek drama with a Faustian hero†. [18]The historiography surrounding Bismarck was significantly altered following the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the subsequent rise of the Nazis, as the Nazi regime constantly utilised Bismarck to justify themselves. They â€Å"found willing executioners in historians like Marcks to interpret their value-system in Bismarckian terms†. [19] The Nazis manipulated Bismarck and Bismarck’s historical legacy to benefit them as â€Å"on the ‘Day of Potsdam’, where he (Hitler) glowingly praised his predecessor’s work which had, in his view, started the ‘ascent’ of the German people†. 20] Hitler aimed at creating links with Bismarck to justify his expansionary foreign policy, such as the Anschluss in 1938, and to gain credit and popularity through association with Bismarck. The influence of the rise of Nazism upon historiography is highlighted by Wilhelm Momms en, originally a Republican[21], as he wrote Politische Geschichte von Bismarck bis zur Gegenwart 1850 – 1933, (1935), linking Bismarck to Hitler. Mommsen argued that â€Å"the first generation fulfilled the yearnings of the Germans and built the empire under Bismarck’s guidance,†¦. he second ossified†¦and the third grew up in the war and built a country that, though connected with Bismarck’s creation, also outgrew it in many ways†. [22] Mommsen argued for the Third Reich to have completed the structural complexities of society and industry that Bismarck had created. The writings of Bismarck became linked to Hitler as a result of the context in which historians wrote, firstly in one of persecution and censorship, however, German historians were not opponents of Hitler, and thus manipulated the history of Bismarck to benefit the Nazi Regime, of which they favoured. 23] Following the collapse of the Third Reich after the Second World War in 1945, â€Å"Bismarck, the creator of the nation, was bound to be seen differently†. [24] Friedrich Meinecke argued that historians should adopt entirely new perspectives regarding Germany’s past, â€Å"the staggering course of the First, and still more the Second World War no longer permits the question to be ignored whether the seeds of later evil were not already present in the Bismarckian Reich†. 25] Whilst there was a negative assessment of Bismarck’s role in the path of atrocities, German historians also â€Å"preferred to hark back to Bismarck’s greatness to show up the depth of failure among his successors†. [26] Due to the actions of Hitler and the Nazi state, the role of Bismarck was investigated as to how far he enabled the dictatorial powers and influenced the structures of war, which were experienced throughout Europe and as substantiated by Hans Hallmann, â€Å"the question for German historians after the Second World War was, theref ore: how should one write about Bismarck after Hitler? [27] The criticism was largely influenced by the context of which the historians were writing in, as the collapse of the Reich signalled a supposed failure in Bismarck, and questioned his success intentions, as â€Å"criticism of Bismarck centred rather unrealistically on the problem of deciding whether a German nation-state or a German-dominated Central Europe should have been created†[28]. A. J. P. Taylor’s, Bismarck: the man and the statesman written in 1955, typified post war historical thought, questioning the role of Bismarck in the collapse of democracy.Taylor contrasted the critical nature of Bismarck arguing for the general success of Bismarck. Taylor’s British context allowed him to keep â€Å"a healthy distance from the Bismarck myth†, which resulted in the influencing of many German historians[29], and thus enabled perspective. He argued for the understanding of Bismarck as a manipulator, due to his ability to avert problematic confrontations, as â€Å"on such occasions one can see not only Bismarck’s great intellectual gifts, but a manipulative emotional intelligence†. 30] Taylor utilised psychoanalysis of Bismarck to explain the factors impacting upon his policies, and as argued by Urbach was â€Å"especially effective in describing Bismarck’s youth†. [31] Through utilising a differing methodology of historical examination, Taylor received and portrayed a differing perspective of Bismarck and Bismarck’s role in Germany, portraying Bismarck as â€Å"a man who wanted peace for his country and helped to give Europe such peace for forty years†[32], whilst the majority of his countrymen would associate Bismarck with ‘iron, three wars and as the predecessor of Hitler’†. 33] The â€Å"revival of respect and even veneration for Bismarck†[34] was countered significantly in the â€Å"passionately partisan c riticism of Bismarck’s work†[35], Bismarck and German Empire (1963) of Erich Eyck. Eyck was typically a liberal historian, and thus opposed Bismarck, from â€Å"the standpoint of iustitia fundamentum regnorum†, arguing that justice should be the major foundation of governance, as Eyck wrote â€Å"in the tradition of the great liberal opponents of Bismarck†[36].Eyck argues that Bismarck was the â€Å"hero of violent genius†[37], through his 3 volume biography of which is greatly influenced by his liberal standpoint and historical context of persecution by Hitler, and his background as a lawyer as he â€Å"despised Bismarck’s lack of respect for the rule of law†. [38] Eyck continually criticised Bismarck’s detrimental impact upon liberalism within Germany and â€Å"passionately condemned Bismarck’s cynicism towards liberal, democratic and humanitarian ideals†[39], which he states to have â€Å"incapacitated the peop le†. 40][41] Bismarck and German Empire influenced the historiography of the Bismarckian topic among German and international historians, presenting â€Å"an interpretation neoconservative in nature†. [42] This criticism of Bismarck has influenced the German historian, Hans Rothfels, whom followed Eyck, arguing that â€Å"Eyck’s belief in a ‘liberal option’ for a united Germany was not justified, that no one but Bismarck could have united Germany†. [43] Fritz Fischer’s Germany's Aims in the First World War (1968) signalled the â€Å"first significant German historian to blame Germany for starting the war†[44].Fritz Fischer’s publication significantly demonized Bismarck and Bismarck’s Germany, arguing for the path that Bismarck had essentially led the path to the German cause of the First World War. Fischer’s writings and interpretation of Bismarck largely contradicted the mainstream views of Bismarck and Bism arck’s Germany, and as substantiated by Feuchtwanger, â€Å"It contradicted much of the work done in Germany on the war guilt question and caused great controversy†[45].The controversial nature of Fischer’s publication resulted however in a flow of reassessments of his original publications, still maintaining the criticism of Bismarck and resulting in a â€Å"massive attack on Bismarck’s creation†. [46] The flow of secondary publications created a Fischer school of historical thought, which â€Å"stood on the political left and its opponents on the political right†[47].Through the publication of Fritz Fischer’s Germany's Aims in the First World War, the German historian utilized â€Å"political, economic, social and cultural evidence†[48], to persuade and research, thus creating a revision of historiography. The debate between Fischer and the right created significant disruption within the history fraternity, as â€Å"The left , who believed in critical social history, felt cheated because†¦the historical establishment strongly resisted their new and much more critical view of German history†. 49] The Fischer school of historical thought was extensively revised in the 1980s, of which Bruce Waller refers to as the ‘conservative 1980s’[50]. Edgar Feuchtwanger claims, â€Å"Revisionism provokes further revision†[51], as â€Å"German historians and the population in general began to view the past more reverently†[52]. The political complexities of the Bismarckian era influenced and resulted in a change of interpretations of Bismarck Bismarck’s Germany, as moves to the more political right occurred, and thus a return to a more approving view of Bismarck was undertaken.Through one of the most revered and respected historians on Bismarck, Otto Pflanze’s trilogy Bismarck and the Development of Germany (1963, but reprinted and reassessed in 1990), significant in grounds have been made to the overall historical value of the Bismarckian era. Bismarck’s assessment was, as argued by Kraehe, â€Å"taking into particular account the work of Helmut Bohme†[53], whom Pflanze critiques, â€Å"Bohme’s account of the relationship between economic and political forces in domestic politics during the period of unification also appears overstated†. 54] Pflanze argues against the typical liberal-nationalist interpretation arguing â€Å"the primacy of political and individual action†,[55] continuing against the nationalist sentiment of early German historians in arguing that â€Å"the war of 1866 was neither inevitable nor necessary†. [56] Pflanze significantly impacted upon historiography, contrasting the Fischer approach to German and Bismarckian history, although still remaining critical of Bismarck and Bismarck’s Germany. Kraehe argues that to Pflanze, â€Å"Bismarck was always larger than life†[57 ], due to the immense coverage and detail provided in Pflanze’s trilogy.Pflanze uses differing concepts of investigation to outline the Bismarckian era, as outlined by Waller, â€Å"Pflanze uses psychological insight and works with Freudian concepts†. [58] Pflanze in essence portrays a structuralist interpretation of Bismarck’s unification and impact, arguing that Bismarck took taking advantage of certain opportunities, â€Å"Pflanze stresses Bismarck’s flexibility, his concern to keep options open†[59]. Pflanze’s changed views of Bismarckian historiography can be seen due to his â€Å"return to the sources†[60], and thus uses a â€Å"psychological history†[61], hich as Urbach concludes, enabled him to â€Å"analyse in detail†. [62] Pflanze openly argued for the structuralist interpretation of Bismarck, within the nature of Bismarck’s opportunism and manipulation of events, rather than intentionally staging events . [63] The 1980s biography Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, by Lothar Gall significantly impacted upon the historiography of Bismarck and Bismarck’s Germany, as Waller describes, â€Å"It is probably the most searching biography we have†. 64] Lothar Gall portrays Bismarck as a revolutionary, however conservative in nature. As highlighted by Bruce Waller, Gall wrote Bismarck: The White Revolutionary â€Å"to counter the school of historians whom the individual matters little†, and thus like Pflanze investigated the implications of an individual upon a society. Whilst, â€Å"unlike Pflanze, Gall did not uncover new sources† he utilised the analysis of existing Bismarckian sources to investigate the true impact of Bismarck upon 19th Century Germany. 65] Whilst Waller points out that â€Å"most historians, but not the majority of students, have now consigned the view of Bismarck as a reactionary to history’s dust bin†, Gall’s major inve stigation was to highlight the reactionary nature of Bismarck’s role as chancellor. [66] Gall’s 1980 biography was aiming to â€Å"describe the circumstances the chancellor faced and then to see the way he reacted to them†[67], and as highlighted by Urbach, â€Å"Gall wanted to show how Bismarck, when faced with developments he had not created himself, turned them to his advantage†. 68] Thus, due to Galls idealisation that Bismarck was a reactionary, he â€Å"portrayed him after 1871 as the Zauberlehrling (sorcerer’s apprentice)†[69], arguing that he had lost his magic touch, an argument that may have been â€Å"the most devastating criticism of the man yet†. [70] Thus Gall portrayed Bismarck as a chancellor that â€Å"was not the great genius who knew and guessed it all well in advance†[71], as â€Å"Gall argues that the iron chancellor conjured up powers – nationalism, liberalism, and economic modernisation – w hich spun out of control and that therefore what he achieved was not what he had striven for†. 72] Gall’s interpretation of Bismarck has been seen as largely critical, however still remains a significant German interpretation, countering the initial nationalist-liberal interpretations portraying Bismarck as totally in charge, whilst also countering the arguments that Bismarck’s planning was the leeway for Hitler’s ascendancy and dictatorship. In essence Gall identified Bismarck’s accomplishment as â€Å"imperfect and – to a point – unintended†. 73] As noted by Urbach, Bismarck himself hinted at his own imperfection, â€Å"one cannot possibly make history, although one can always learn from it how one should lead the political life of a great people in accordance with their development and their historical destiny†. [74] The Bismarckian historical debate was notably influenced by the writings of Ernst Engelberg, writing in the 1980s, and proposing an altered interpretation of Bismarck. Engelberg as a Marxist â€Å"interpreted the Reichsgrundung as a phase of social progress that helped the working class to develop from a national base†. 75][76] Whilst Waller argues that â€Å"Engelberg was a life-long communist and one of East Germany’s leading historians who in the past had insisted on strict Marxist history†[77], he argues that his biography of Bismarck is not fully weighted on Marxist ideology, â€Å"it additionally gives full weight to psychological and religious as well as to political and economic factors†. [78] Engelberg, like Gall, did not utilise his own research and discover new sources, as stated by Urbach, â€Å"Engelberg used much of the old research of Erich Marcks and A.O. Meyer†[79], however she continues by stating Engelberg â€Å"includes more analysis†. [80] Engelberg’s argument of Bismarck is similar, yet differing to Gall’s, as both historians â€Å"see Bismarck as someone who tried to control the current of the time and not as a creator†[81], and thus to some extent was critical of Bismarck’s power, however Engelberg also defended the power of Bismarck stating that â€Å"despite the machinations, Bismarck was far from acting like an adventurer†¦On the contrary his preparations†¦proved to be prudent†. 82][83] Waller states that Engelberg’s argument was influenced by â€Å"Prussianism†, highlighting Engelberg’s biography to be â€Å"Prussian to the extent of disparaging the attitudes and actions of other Germans, especially those who attempted to thwart Bismarck’s initiatives†. [84] Engelberg proposed a favourable interpretation of Bismarck in his 1980s biography, arguing that whilst his control was not always complete, his ability was.Engelberg critiqued the post war historiography arguing that Bismarck’s successors were â€Å"re sponsible for gambling away the inheritance†, and thus links made between Bismarck and the collapse of democracy were perverse. [85] The historical interpretations of Otto von Bismarck have undergone an extensive change, due to changing social and ideological contexts of historians that have assessed the chancellor and his impact upon Germany.The historical writings throughout time, from the early historians on Bismarck, such as Heinrich von Sybel, historians writing in the times of Nazism, and following the collapse of Nazism have all succeeded in assessing the personality and his impact, however were unable to emancipate themselves from their social and political contexts, and thus the interpretations of Bismarck have reflected these influences. 86] The most recent assessments of Bismarck have also significantly transformed the historiographical debate; however have successfully avoided being overly impacted upon by context, and thus present an emancipated history of Bismarc k and his impact upon Germany. The flourishing debate over the Bismarckian era will result in continual changing interpretations of the statesman; however the discovery of new sources and evidence highlights the sequential move towards the objective portrayal of Otto von Bismarck and Bismarckian Germany. Word Count: 3072. ———————– [1] Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1143 [2] Ibid. , p. 1143. [3] Ibid. , p. 1144. [4] Jaspers, Karl, (1960). Freiheit und Wiedervereinigung. Munich. Pp. 42 [5] Heinrich v. Treitschke. (1867 – 97) Historische und politische Aufsatze. 4 volumes. Leipzig, (1874 – 79) Zehn Jahre deutscher Kampfre: Schriften zur Tagespolitik 1865 – 1879). 2 volumes. Berlin. [6] Kohn, Hans, (1961). The mind of Germany: educat ion of a nation. London. Pp 188 [7] Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1144 [8] Wehler, Hans-Ulrich, (1976). Bismarck und der Imperialismus. Munich. Pp. 15 [9] Ibid. , p. 1144. [10] Seier, Helmut, â€Å"Heinrich v Sybel†, in Wehler, Deutsche Historiker. Pp. 144 [11] Ibid. , p. 144. [12] Urbach, Karina, (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. , p. 1145. 13] There were only a few critical voices emerging. For example: Johannes Ziekursch, Politische Geschichte des neuen deutschen Kaiserreiches (3 volumes. Frankfurt. 1925 – 1930); Ulrich Noack, Bismarcks Friedenspolitik (Leipzig 1928). [14] Zmarzlik. Das Bismarckbild. Pp. 19. [15] Urbach, Kar ina, (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. , p. 1148. [16] Ibid. , p. 1148. [17] Rothfels, Hans, (1924). Bismarck’s englische Bundnispolitik. Berlin. [18] Urbach, Karina, (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. , p. 1149. [19] Ibid. , p. 1150 [20] Ibid. , p. 1150 [21] Meaning he was in favour of the Weimar Republic, which collapsed in 1933, resulting in Hitler’s ascendancy [22] Mommsen, Wilhelm, (1935). Politische Geschichte von Bismarck bis zur Gegenwart 1850 – 1933. Frankfurt. Pp. 252 [23] Urbach, Karina, (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in t he United Kingdom. 998 Cambridge University Press. , p. 1151. [24] Quoted from Gall, ed. , â€Å"Geschiechtsschreibung†, pp9 [25] Meinecke, Friedrich (1946). â€Å"Die deutsche Katastrophe: Betrachtungen und Erinnerungen†. Wiesbaden. Pp. 26. [26] Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2001) Imperial Germany 1850-1918. New York and London: Routledge [27] Hallmann, Hans (1972). â€Å"Revision des Bismarckbildes : die Diskussion der deutschen Fachhistoriker 1945-1955†. Darmstadt [28] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review. March 1st. p. 41. [29] Urbach, Karina (1998). Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1154 [30] Ibid. , p. 1154. [31] Ibid. , p. 1154. [32] Taylor interview with the Westdeutscher Reundfunk, 31 March 1965 [33] Ur bach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1154 [34] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†.History Review. March 1st. [35] Sturmer, Michael (1971). â€Å"Bismarck in Perspective†, Central European History 4. Vermont. [36] Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2001) Imperial Germany 1850-1918. New York and London: Routledge [37] Footnotes 11 of Michael Sturmer [38] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1142 [39] Ibid. , p. 1142. [40] Quoted in Schoeps, Hans-Joachim (1964). â€Å"Unbewaltigte Geshichte: Stationen deutchen Schicksals seit 1793†. Berli n.Pp 108 [41] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp. 1142 [42] Sturmer, Michael (1971). â€Å"Bismarck in Perspective†, Central European History 4. Vermont. [43] Ibid. , p. 1143. [44] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review. March 1st. [45] Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2001) Imperial Germany 1850-1918. New York and London: Routledge [46] Waller, Bruce (1998). Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review. March 1st. p. 41. [47] Ibid. , p. 41. [48] Ibid. , p. 41. [49] Ibid. , p. 41. [50] Ibid. , p. 41. [51] Feuchtwanger, Edgar (2001) Imperial Germany 1850-1918. New York and London: Routledge [52] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarc k†. History Review March 1998 [53] Kraehe, Enno, (1990). ‘Review Article on Otto Pflanze’s Bismarck Trilogy’, Central European History, 23, 4. Emory University Press, Atlanta. , p. 369 [54] Pflanze, Otto, (1968). Another Crisis among German historians? Helmut Bohme’s Deutchlands Weg zur Grossmacht.Journal of Modern History 40. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. , p. 125. [55] Kraehe, Enno, (1990). ‘Review Article on Otto Pflanze’s Bismarck Trilogy’, Central European History, 23, 4. Emory University Press, Atlanta. , p. 369. [56] Ibid. , p. 369. [57] Ibid. , p. 369. [58] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review. March 1st. [59] Ibid. , p. 43. [60] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom . 998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1156 [61] Ibid. , p. 1156. [62] Ibid. , p. 1156. [63] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. [64] Ibid. , p. 42. [65] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1157 [66] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review.March 1st. p. 42. [67] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1157 [68] Ibid. , p. 1157. [69] Ibid. , p. 1157. [70] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. [71] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1157 [72] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. [73] Ibid. , p. 42. [74] Bismarck’s statement of 1892, quoted in Pflanze. â€Å"Period of unification†. Pp. 16 [75] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cam Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1158 [76] Quoted from Wolter, Heinz, (1983) Bismarcks Au? enpolitick, 1871-1881.East Berlin. Pp. 5 [77] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. History Review. March 1st. p. 42. [78] Ibid. , p. 42. [79] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1158 [80] Ibid. , p. 1158 [81] Ibid. , p. 1158 [82] Ernst Engelberg, â€Å"Zur politischen Vorbereitung des Krieges†, in G. Seeber and K. Noack, eds. , Preu? en in der Geschichte nach 1789. (1983). East Berlin. Pp. 03 [83] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1158 [84] Waller, Bruce (1998). â€Å"Bismarck: Bruce Waller looks at recent debate about modern Germany’s greatest statesman†. Histor y Review. March 1st. p. 42. [85] Urbach, Karina (1998). â€Å"Historiographical Review, Between Saviour and Villain: 100 years of Bismarck Biographies†. The Historical Journal. Printed in the United Kingdom. 1998 Cambridge University Press. Pp 1158 [86] Ibid. , p. 1160.